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Operation Ochsenkopf
''Unternehmen Ochsenkopf'' (Operation Ox Head) was an Axis offensive operation in Tunisia from 1943, during the Tunisia Campaign of World War II. The offensive and a subsidiary operation ''Unternehmen Ausladung'', was intended to gain control of Medjez el Bab, Béja, El Aroussa, Djebel Abiod and a position known as Hunt's Gap, between the British First Army and the Axis Army Group Africa (ドイツ語:''Heeresgruppe Afrika''/). The offensive gained some ground but none of the more ambitious objectives were reached before the operation was called off, due to increasing losses of infantry and tanks, particularly the heavy Tigers. ''Unternehmen Ochsenkopf'' was the last big Axis offensive by the 5th Panzer Army before the final Allied offensive in April and May, which occupied Tunisia and took the surviving troops into captivity.
==Background==
After the Battle of Kasserine Pass , the Axis created Army Group Africa (ドイツ語:''Heeresgruppe Afrika''/) as a command headquarters for the 5th Panzer Army and the German-Italian Panzer Army, ドイツ語:(''Deutsch-Italienische Panzerarmee''/ (the name of ドイツ語:''Panzerarmee Afrika''/ after October 1942), in Tunisia. Adolf Hitler and the German General Staff Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW) believed that ''Generaloberst'' Hans-Jürgen von Arnim should assume command but Field Marshal Albert Kesselring argued for Field Marshal Erwin Rommel, who was appointed to command the new Army Group Africa on 23 February. ''Comando Supremo'', the Italian General Staff, ordered Rommel to end the attack at Kasserine, in view of the Allied reinforcement of the Tebessa area, to conduct a spoiling offensive against the Eighth Army (General Bernard Montgomery) as it approached the defences of the Mareth Line from the east.
The villages of Gafsa, Metlaoui and Tozeur was to be held by mobile troops and most of the attack group was to return to the 1st Italian Army. The 10th Panzer Division had retired from Thala by early on 23 February and the 21st Panzer Division ended its attack on Sbiba on 24 February. The divisions were to refit and also rejoin the 1st Italian Army, ready for an attack in early March, the moves to be covered by minor operations on the 5th Panzer Army front. On 24 February, Arnim flew to Rome without consulting Rommel and advocated an offensive towards Béja, being convinced that the British First Army (General Kenneth Anderson), had sent reinforcements south from the northern front to save Sbiba and Thala. Arnim gained the approval of ''Generalfeldmarschall'' Albert Kesselring the German Oberbefehlshaber Süd (Commander-in-Chief South), for an attack on a wide front against the V Corps (Charles Allfrey) sector on 26 February.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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